Clubs vs. Circles: How Students Socialize in Japan

If you’re studying in Japan, one of the biggest questions isn’t just what classes you’ll take—it’s how you’ll make friends. In Japanese schools and universities, many of the strongest friendships form outside the classroom through group activities. Two common options you’ll hear about are clubs (部活 / bukatsu) and circles (サークル / sāakuru). While both involve joining a group, they can be very different in commitment, culture, and social life.

What Are Clubs (部活 / Bukatsu)?

Clubs are usually more structured and serious. They exist in middle schools, high schools, and universities, and they often have clear rules, fixed schedules, and strong expectations. Many clubs meet multiple times per week, and members are generally expected to attend regularly.

Clubs can include sports like basketball or soccer, but also music, art, science, or traditional activities like kendo or tea ceremony. Because clubs require consistency, students often build close friendships through shared effort and routine.

What Are Circles (サークル / Circles)?

Circles are most common at universities and are usually more casual. Circles are often student-run, and the atmosphere tends to be social and relaxed. They may meet once a week or less, and attendance is often more flexible.

Some circles focus on hobbies such as photography, hiking, dance, gaming, or language exchange. Others are mainly social groups that enjoy spending time together through outings, events, and group meals.

Time Commitment & Expectations

One of the biggest differences between clubs and circles is the level of commitment. Clubs usually require regular participation and may feel like a major weekly responsibility. Circles tend to be more flexible, making them easier to balance with part-time jobs, travel, or heavy coursework.

Senpai–Kohai Culture (Upperclassman & Underclassman Relationships)

In many clubs, you’ll notice a strong senpai–kohai (先輩・後輩) system. Senior members often guide junior members, and juniors may be expected to show respect through language and behavior. This can create a supportive community, but it may also feel strict for students who prefer a casual environment.

Circles may still have older and younger students, but the hierarchy is usually less intense.

Which One Should You Join?

It depends on what kind of student experience you want.

Choose a club if you want structure, skill-building, and strong long-term friendships. Choose a circle if you want flexibility, a relaxed social environment, and more chances to meet different people.

Both clubs and circles are an important part of student life in Japan. Joining one can help you feel connected, learn cultural norms, and build friendships that last far beyond the school year.